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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist inclinations. However, it is more stable than might be expected. The country is in search of an alternative development model. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence society. However, there are signs that a secularist culture is emerging. Origins In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops like millet and beans. 에볼루션 룰렛 raised livestock and made furs. These people formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced celadon papermaking block printing art styles, and written language to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern region of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and other senior officials were members of the land aristocracy, while the majority of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens and sometimes even required them to join the army or construct fortifications. At the end of the period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thinking into its state belief system and made the male centered filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obedient to everyone and respected by their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, who ruled from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was recorded for the first time. Development in Korea The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of graves that were lined with stone, and decorated with valuable items like amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, built from massive single stones, are also common throughout the country. In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. The peninsula was then controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a true Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje, the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern territories in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a short period of time. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territory. Silla, with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935. As Korea enters the post-crisis period, its development paradigm appears to be in flux. People who are shocked by the cost of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand, those who support the old system want to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and inflating fears of job loss. Analysts and academics are divided over the extent to which Korea's growth is being driven by these two trends. This article assesses developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political evolution including the illiberal democratic period (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to present). This article also identifies key factors that are driving these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their views among this population. A 2009 survey revealed that almost three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory did not align with their beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced forms of life. In the past of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in 1980, with the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event attracted a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists. The success of this event led to the founding of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it attracted a lot of attention. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, where it covered its activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR and also some books on the subject that were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country at universities and churches. A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were interested in creationism, they raised money and secured funding to build an enlightened museum on campus. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in creation science, and it has sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created branches in local offices that host talks and seminars to children and community groups. Changes in South Korea In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. At this time the famous samulnori or masked dance dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers and other instruments of music. The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves rethinking the incentives monitoring and discipline schemes that have been a part of the pre-crisis system. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4. Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and migrants from northern China. Baekje, a major regional power in the early 4th Century expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders on the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He controlled a part of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo. However, his rule was short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as an alternative state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.